replica (c37b1)
Replica: Commands which deal with replication of the molecular system: Replica.
# <caves>-Aug-18-1993 (Leo Caves) Initial release.
# REPLICA/PATH method added by B. Brooks March 1994.
# Feynmann Path Integral Methods added
by B. Roux, K. Hinsen and Marc Souaille, June 1997.
The commands described in this node are associated with the replication of
regions of the PSF, » struct Generate. A facility
for replication of regions of the PSF has been implemented to support a class
of methods which seek to improve the sampling of a (usually small) region of
the molecular system, by selective replication. Such methods include LES
(Locally Enhanced Sampling [Elber and Karplus 1990, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 112,
9161-9175]) and MCSS (Multiple Copy Simultaneous Search [Miranker and Karplus
1991, Proteins 11, 29-34]).
The Replica Path Method as applied to QM, MM and QM/MM reaction paths is
described in the following paper and should be cited when applied...
H. Lee Woodcock, M. Hodoscek, P. Sherwood, Y. S. Lee, H. F. Schaefer, and
B. R. Brooks; Exploring the QM/MM Replica Path Method: A Pathway
Optimization of the Chorismate to Prephenate Claisen Rearrangement
Catalyzed by Chorismate; Theor. Chem. Acc. 2003; 109 (3); 140-148.
the Nudged Elastic Band method as implemented in CHARMM is built upon the
Replica Path functionality therefore the above paper and the following paper
(which describes the NEB implementation and improvements in minimization
techniques) should be cited when applied...
J. W. Chu, B. L. Trout and B. R. Brooks; A super-linear minimization scheme
for the nudged elastic band method; J. Chem. Phys. 2003; 119(24);
12708-12717.
* Syntax | Syntax of the replication commands
* Usage | Description of command usage
* Implementation | A brief description of the anatomy of replication
* Restrictions | Restrictions on usage
* Examples | Supplementary examples of the use of REPLica
* Path | Replica Path Method
* OffPath | Off-Path Optimzation / Simulation
* Pathint | Path Integral Calculation using REPLica
# <caves>-Aug-18-1993 (Leo Caves) Initial release.
# REPLICA/PATH method added by B. Brooks March 1994.
# Feynmann Path Integral Methods added
by B. Roux, K. Hinsen and Marc Souaille, June 1997.
The commands described in this node are associated with the replication of
regions of the PSF, » struct Generate. A facility
for replication of regions of the PSF has been implemented to support a class
of methods which seek to improve the sampling of a (usually small) region of
the molecular system, by selective replication. Such methods include LES
(Locally Enhanced Sampling [Elber and Karplus 1990, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 112,
9161-9175]) and MCSS (Multiple Copy Simultaneous Search [Miranker and Karplus
1991, Proteins 11, 29-34]).
The Replica Path Method as applied to QM, MM and QM/MM reaction paths is
described in the following paper and should be cited when applied...
H. Lee Woodcock, M. Hodoscek, P. Sherwood, Y. S. Lee, H. F. Schaefer, and
B. R. Brooks; Exploring the QM/MM Replica Path Method: A Pathway
Optimization of the Chorismate to Prephenate Claisen Rearrangement
Catalyzed by Chorismate; Theor. Chem. Acc. 2003; 109 (3); 140-148.
the Nudged Elastic Band method as implemented in CHARMM is built upon the
Replica Path functionality therefore the above paper and the following paper
(which describes the NEB implementation and improvements in minimization
techniques) should be cited when applied...
J. W. Chu, B. L. Trout and B. R. Brooks; A super-linear minimization scheme
for the nudged elastic band method; J. Chem. Phys. 2003; 119(24);
12708-12717.
* Syntax | Syntax of the replication commands
* Usage | Description of command usage
* Implementation | A brief description of the anatomy of replication
* Restrictions | Restrictions on usage
* Examples | Supplementary examples of the use of REPLica
* Path | Replica Path Method
* OffPath | Off-Path Optimzation / Simulation
* Pathint | Path Integral Calculation using REPLica
Top
Syntax of PSF Replication commands
[SYNTAX: REPLication commands]
REPLica { [segid] [NREPlica integer] [SETUP] [atom-selection] [COMP] }
{ RESEt }
segid:== Basename for replica segment identifiers.
atom-selection:== (» select .)
{ OFF }
RPATh { [KRMS real] [KANGle real] [COSMax real] [MASS] [WEIGht] other-spec}
other-spac:== [ KMIN real RMIN real ]
[ KMAX real RMAX real ]
[ EVWIdth real ] [ CYCLic ]
[ROTAte ] [TRANslate ]
[NOROtate] [NOTRanslate]
[ NEBA ] [ KNEB real ]
[ NEBF ] [ ETAN ] [ CIMG ] [ PPMF ] [ ANAL ]
Syntax of PSF Replication commands
[SYNTAX: REPLication commands]
REPLica { [segid] [NREPlica integer] [SETUP] [atom-selection] [COMP] }
{ RESEt }
segid:== Basename for replica segment identifiers.
atom-selection:== (» select .)
{ OFF }
RPATh { [KRMS real] [KANGle real] [COSMax real] [MASS] [WEIGht] other-spec}
other-spac:== [ KMIN real RMIN real ]
[ KMAX real RMAX real ]
[ EVWIdth real ] [ CYCLic ]
[ROTAte ] [TRANslate ]
[NOROtate] [NOTRanslate]
[ NEBA ] [ KNEB real ]
[ NEBF ] [ ETAN ] [ CIMG ] [ PPMF ] [ ANAL ]
Top
Description of REPLica command usage
1) (The implicit GENERate subcommand)
This command performs the essential act of replication. Its action is to
replicate (to a degree specified by NREPlica, default: 2) (a subset of) the
molecular system, as specified in the (primary) atom-selection (default: all).
All atomic properties and topological attributes of the region are replicated
(for a full list, » replica Implementation). Each
replica of the primary atom selection constitutes a new segment in (and
appended to) the PSF, however the atom and residue names and the residue
identifiers of the primary atom selection are carried over.
The implicit generation subcommand optionally accepts a segment identifier
(segid). The length of segid must be such that when concatenated with the
(integer representing the) maximum number of replicas specified for generation,
it does not exceed 4 characters. If omitted, then replica segment identifiers
will simply be set to the replica number. At present no check is made for
duplicate segment identifiers, so choose with care. The command is designed to
operate in a manner similar to the GENErate command from the main parser.
The effect of the replication command may be classified into two areas:
structure and interactions. Structurally, as mentioned above, the command
performs the necessary book-keeping work for CHARMM, in order that each
individual replica is functionally equivalent to the region of the structure
specified in the atom selection. ie. in the case where the atomic positions of
an individual replica are the same as the primary atom selection (as they will
be immediately after issuing the REPLica command), the energy and forces of the
individual replica and the appropriate region of the primary system are
identical (there is an important corollary to this statement which is now
discussed).
In the area of discussing the interactions of replicas it is useful to
introduce the concept of a subsystem. Before issuing a REPLica command, there
is considered to be one subsystem, the primary subsystem, to which all atoms
belong. Upon issuing the REPLIca command a new subsystem is generated, which
consists of replicas of a subset of the primary subsystem (as specified in the
atom selection). In this case there are now two subsystems.
The simple cases specifying interactions of subsystems and replicas may now
be stated:
* Replicas within a subsystem do NOT interact.
* Replicas belonging to different subsystems do interact.
In CHARMM, the interaction rules of replicas are applied in the non-bonded list
generation routines, through appropriate group/atom exclusions. You will notice
some diagnostic messages from the list generation routines indicating the
number of group/atom interactions excluded on the basis of replication. In
following the rules of interaction of replicas it is important to note that a
given replication of a subset of the primary subsystem, results in a new
subsystem. Thus the subset of the primary subsystem and its individual replicas
are now in different subsystems and are thus will interact. For this reason,
the replication action is usually followed by an immediate removal of the atoms
of the subset of the primary subsystem, through a call to DELEte *note
dele:» chmdoc/struct Delete). This leaves all replicas of the specified
region in a single subsystem, arranged as contiguous segments appended to the
current PSF.
A note on renormalization of energy and forces:
In the original implementation of REPLica in a developmental version of CHARMM
at Harvard, there exists a close coupling of the REPLica command and the
energy/force evaluation routines. In the current REPLica implementation in the
standard CHARMM distribution, appropriate energy/force scaling for the system
in question may be achieved through the use of the BLOCK facility of CHARMM see
» block . The combination of REPLica and BLOCK provides
for very flexible method of handling replica interactions. Note that if the
primary system is FIXed and that only one replicated subsystem is present (the
case in many MCSS applications) then normalization of energy/forces is NOT
required.
Example:
In the following section of CHARMM command script, a segment named PROT is
generated from a sequence read from a coordinate file. A couple of selection
definitions are made which together identify the sidechain atoms of residue
12. In the REPLIca command, 4 copies of the sidechain are generated and placed
in three new segments A1 to A4 at the end of the PSF. Next the selections are
redefined (as REPLica has altered the PSF and this corrupts existing selections
made with the DEFIne command). These (newly redefined) selections are made to
remove the sidechain atoms in the primary system that were selected for
replication. Next BLOCK is used to setup the scaling of energy and forces in
this system with a primary and a single replicated subsystem. In the call to
BLOCK, 2 blocks are requested. By default BLOCK places all atoms of the system
in block 1, so the first action is to redefine the replicated subsystem to
block 2. Next we simply set up the desired interaction matrix. Primary
subsystem self interactions are simply set to unity (no scaling). Interactions
within each replica are set to 0.25 (the reciprocal of the number of
replicas). Primary <--> replicated subsystem interactions are similarly scaled
by 0.25. (Note that the REPLica interface to the non-bonded list generation
routines removes all inter-replica (intra-subsystem) interactions.) Finally,
the masses of the replicated atoms are scaled by 0.25, by using the SCALar
commands. (Note that mass-scaling may not be desirable as it has been
demonstrated that in the original LES framework, the thermal properties of the
replicas are such that at thermal equilibrium, the mapping of replicas back to
the "physical" system (with a single copy) results in too high a temperature.
The overestimation of the temperature in the physical system is a factor of N
in the simplest case of a uniform "weighting" of all replicas by a factor of
1/N, where N is the number of replicas employed in the simulation. This effect
is an active field of research, though a solution for systems where only
equilibrium properties are desired is to either scale up the masses of the
replicas by a factor of N, or to selectively rescale the velocities of the
replicas.)
...
! { read sequence and generate segment }
READ SEQU COOR UNIT 11
GENErate PROT
! { define some useful atom selections }
DEFIne backbone SELEct TYPE N .OR. TYPE CA .OR. TYPE C .OR. -
TYPE HN .OR. TYPE HA .OR. TYPE CB END
DEFIne disorder SELEct (SEGID PROT .AND. RESId 12) .AND. .NOT. backbone END
! { replicate the selected sidechain four times }
REPLIcate A NREPlica 4 SELEct ( disorder ) END
! { redefine as REPLIca has changed PSF and this trashes SELEction
! definitions }
DEFIne backbone SELEct TYPE N .OR. TYPE CA .OR. TYPE C .OR. -
TYPE HN .OR. TYPE HA .OR. TYPE CB END
DEFIne disorder SELEct (SEGID PROT .AND. RESId 12) .AND. .NOT. backbone END
DELEte ATOM SELEct ( disorder ) END
DEFIne replicas SELEct SEGId A* END
! { set up an appropriate interaction matrix }
BLOCK 2
CALL 2 SELEct ( replicas ) END
COEF 1 1 1.0
COEF 2 2 0.25
COEF 2 1 0.25
END
! { note masses can be modified if desired through the SCALar commands }
! { note that this may not always be desirable --- see comments above }
SCALar MASS MULt 0.25 SELEct replicas END
... load/generate some coordinates and proceed..
2) The RESEt subcommand.
The RESEt subcommand has the effect of reducing all current subsystems to a
single primary subsystem. This is accomplished by simply switching off the
as much as the REPLica state must be restored through appropriate calls to the
REPLica command. This command is there to support the use of REPLica for
simple replication of PSF elements for which subsequent REPLIca handling is not
required.
Example:
The following example begins by building a PSF containing a single CO
molecule. An immediate call to REPLica requests the generation of 256 replicas
(with SEGId's of R1 to R256) of the primary subsystem (the CO molecule with the
SEGId CO). Next the original CO molecule is removed. The final command,
switches off the CHARMM's replica handling, leaving a PSF with 256 CO's which
interact with each other. This may seem like a redundant command given the
ability to generate a long sequence with commands like READ SEQU COOR or a
little copy and paste with your favorite editor, but remember that REPLica can
handle replication of ANY subset of the PSF, reducing the need for tampering
with RTF definitions and creating new PATCh residues (PRES's).
READ SEQUence CARDS
* a single carbon monoxide molecule
CO
GENErate CO ! generate the primary system
REPLica R NREP 256 SELEct SEGId CO END ! replicate
DELEte ATOM SELEct SEGId CO END ! remove primary system
REPLica RESEt ! reduce replicates to primary
Description of REPLica command usage
1) (The implicit GENERate subcommand)
This command performs the essential act of replication. Its action is to
replicate (to a degree specified by NREPlica, default: 2) (a subset of) the
molecular system, as specified in the (primary) atom-selection (default: all).
All atomic properties and topological attributes of the region are replicated
(for a full list, » replica Implementation). Each
replica of the primary atom selection constitutes a new segment in (and
appended to) the PSF, however the atom and residue names and the residue
identifiers of the primary atom selection are carried over.
The implicit generation subcommand optionally accepts a segment identifier
(segid). The length of segid must be such that when concatenated with the
(integer representing the) maximum number of replicas specified for generation,
it does not exceed 4 characters. If omitted, then replica segment identifiers
will simply be set to the replica number. At present no check is made for
duplicate segment identifiers, so choose with care. The command is designed to
operate in a manner similar to the GENErate command from the main parser.
The effect of the replication command may be classified into two areas:
structure and interactions. Structurally, as mentioned above, the command
performs the necessary book-keeping work for CHARMM, in order that each
individual replica is functionally equivalent to the region of the structure
specified in the atom selection. ie. in the case where the atomic positions of
an individual replica are the same as the primary atom selection (as they will
be immediately after issuing the REPLica command), the energy and forces of the
individual replica and the appropriate region of the primary system are
identical (there is an important corollary to this statement which is now
discussed).
In the area of discussing the interactions of replicas it is useful to
introduce the concept of a subsystem. Before issuing a REPLica command, there
is considered to be one subsystem, the primary subsystem, to which all atoms
belong. Upon issuing the REPLIca command a new subsystem is generated, which
consists of replicas of a subset of the primary subsystem (as specified in the
atom selection). In this case there are now two subsystems.
The simple cases specifying interactions of subsystems and replicas may now
be stated:
* Replicas within a subsystem do NOT interact.
* Replicas belonging to different subsystems do interact.
In CHARMM, the interaction rules of replicas are applied in the non-bonded list
generation routines, through appropriate group/atom exclusions. You will notice
some diagnostic messages from the list generation routines indicating the
number of group/atom interactions excluded on the basis of replication. In
following the rules of interaction of replicas it is important to note that a
given replication of a subset of the primary subsystem, results in a new
subsystem. Thus the subset of the primary subsystem and its individual replicas
are now in different subsystems and are thus will interact. For this reason,
the replication action is usually followed by an immediate removal of the atoms
of the subset of the primary subsystem, through a call to DELEte *note
dele:» chmdoc/struct Delete). This leaves all replicas of the specified
region in a single subsystem, arranged as contiguous segments appended to the
current PSF.
A note on renormalization of energy and forces:
In the original implementation of REPLica in a developmental version of CHARMM
at Harvard, there exists a close coupling of the REPLica command and the
energy/force evaluation routines. In the current REPLica implementation in the
standard CHARMM distribution, appropriate energy/force scaling for the system
in question may be achieved through the use of the BLOCK facility of CHARMM see
» block . The combination of REPLica and BLOCK provides
for very flexible method of handling replica interactions. Note that if the
primary system is FIXed and that only one replicated subsystem is present (the
case in many MCSS applications) then normalization of energy/forces is NOT
required.
Example:
In the following section of CHARMM command script, a segment named PROT is
generated from a sequence read from a coordinate file. A couple of selection
definitions are made which together identify the sidechain atoms of residue
12. In the REPLIca command, 4 copies of the sidechain are generated and placed
in three new segments A1 to A4 at the end of the PSF. Next the selections are
redefined (as REPLica has altered the PSF and this corrupts existing selections
made with the DEFIne command). These (newly redefined) selections are made to
remove the sidechain atoms in the primary system that were selected for
replication. Next BLOCK is used to setup the scaling of energy and forces in
this system with a primary and a single replicated subsystem. In the call to
BLOCK, 2 blocks are requested. By default BLOCK places all atoms of the system
in block 1, so the first action is to redefine the replicated subsystem to
block 2. Next we simply set up the desired interaction matrix. Primary
subsystem self interactions are simply set to unity (no scaling). Interactions
within each replica are set to 0.25 (the reciprocal of the number of
replicas). Primary <--> replicated subsystem interactions are similarly scaled
by 0.25. (Note that the REPLica interface to the non-bonded list generation
routines removes all inter-replica (intra-subsystem) interactions.) Finally,
the masses of the replicated atoms are scaled by 0.25, by using the SCALar
commands. (Note that mass-scaling may not be desirable as it has been
demonstrated that in the original LES framework, the thermal properties of the
replicas are such that at thermal equilibrium, the mapping of replicas back to
the "physical" system (with a single copy) results in too high a temperature.
The overestimation of the temperature in the physical system is a factor of N
in the simplest case of a uniform "weighting" of all replicas by a factor of
1/N, where N is the number of replicas employed in the simulation. This effect
is an active field of research, though a solution for systems where only
equilibrium properties are desired is to either scale up the masses of the
replicas by a factor of N, or to selectively rescale the velocities of the
replicas.)
...
! { read sequence and generate segment }
READ SEQU COOR UNIT 11
GENErate PROT
! { define some useful atom selections }
DEFIne backbone SELEct TYPE N .OR. TYPE CA .OR. TYPE C .OR. -
TYPE HN .OR. TYPE HA .OR. TYPE CB END
DEFIne disorder SELEct (SEGID PROT .AND. RESId 12) .AND. .NOT. backbone END
! { replicate the selected sidechain four times }
REPLIcate A NREPlica 4 SELEct ( disorder ) END
! { redefine as REPLIca has changed PSF and this trashes SELEction
! definitions }
DEFIne backbone SELEct TYPE N .OR. TYPE CA .OR. TYPE C .OR. -
TYPE HN .OR. TYPE HA .OR. TYPE CB END
DEFIne disorder SELEct (SEGID PROT .AND. RESId 12) .AND. .NOT. backbone END
DELEte ATOM SELEct ( disorder ) END
DEFIne replicas SELEct SEGId A* END
! { set up an appropriate interaction matrix }
BLOCK 2
CALL 2 SELEct ( replicas ) END
COEF 1 1 1.0
COEF 2 2 0.25
COEF 2 1 0.25
END
! { note masses can be modified if desired through the SCALar commands }
! { note that this may not always be desirable --- see comments above }
SCALar MASS MULt 0.25 SELEct replicas END
... load/generate some coordinates and proceed..
2) The RESEt subcommand.
The RESEt subcommand has the effect of reducing all current subsystems to a
single primary subsystem. This is accomplished by simply switching off the
as much as the REPLica state must be restored through appropriate calls to the
REPLica command. This command is there to support the use of REPLica for
simple replication of PSF elements for which subsequent REPLIca handling is not
required.
Example:
The following example begins by building a PSF containing a single CO
molecule. An immediate call to REPLica requests the generation of 256 replicas
(with SEGId's of R1 to R256) of the primary subsystem (the CO molecule with the
SEGId CO). Next the original CO molecule is removed. The final command,
switches off the CHARMM's replica handling, leaving a PSF with 256 CO's which
interact with each other. This may seem like a redundant command given the
ability to generate a long sequence with commands like READ SEQU COOR or a
little copy and paste with your favorite editor, but remember that REPLica can
handle replication of ANY subset of the PSF, reducing the need for tampering
with RTF definitions and creating new PATCh residues (PRES's).
READ SEQUence CARDS
* a single carbon monoxide molecule
CO
GENErate CO ! generate the primary system
REPLica R NREP 256 SELEct SEGId CO END ! replicate
DELEte ATOM SELEct SEGId CO END ! remove primary system
REPLica RESEt ! reduce replicates to primary
Top
Notes on Implementation of REPLica in CHARMM.
This node is of primary directed at CHARMM developers, but may be of
interest to the curious user.
Structurally, the call to REPLica handles all atomic and topological properties
of atoms in the primary atom selection. Properties that are replicated include
group/residue membership, atom-code, IUPAC name, partial charge, parameter type
code, fixed atom flag, X,Y,Z and W for main and comparison and reference
coordinates, the forces DX,DY and DZ, the friction coefficient FBETa, and the
harmonic constraint. Topological entries include bond, angle, dihedral,
improper terms, explicit non-bonded exclusion flags and H-bond donor and
acceptor arrays. Optionally, IC table entries for the primary selection are
replicated.
For interactions, the handling of replicas in CHARMM has been implemented using
a very simple data structure which allows for a simple and efficient interface
to the central CHARMM routines. Essentially, subsystem and replica identities
are maintained through the use of linked lists. On the first call to REPLica,
the primary system (the existing PSF) is initialized to be subsystem 1 (repID),
consisting of 1 replica. Each call to REPLica, establishes a new subsystem,
and each replica requested is distinguished by a separate replica number. The
replica number is maintained at both the group (repNoG) and atom (repNoA) level
for efficiency in the non-bonded list generation routines.
In the following schematic we see the state of the data structure in which
there is a primary system consisting of 4 atoms. The threefold replication of
atoms 2 and 3 (which form a distinct group in the primary system) is shown. The
replication forms a new subsystem (repID). Each replicated group gets a
distinct flag representing the individual replica, as do the replicated atoms.
These flags index into the repID array which contains the subsystem membership
flags. In this way the subsystem/replica membership is easily established
through knowledge of the group or atom number.
Atom Name repID repNoG repNoA Comments
1 N 1 1 1 | Primary subsystem
2 CA 1 |
3 C 1 |
4 O 1 |
5 CA 2 2 2 & Replicated substem (NREP=3)
6 C 2 &
7 CA 3 3 &
8 C 3 &
9 CA 4 4 &
10 C 4 &
An schematic of the replica exclusion code in the non-bond list generation
is now given for an atom pair i and j.
IF ( ( repNoA(i) .NE. repNoA(j) ) .AND.
( repID(repNoA(i)).EQ.repID(repNoA(j)) ) ) THEN
EXCLUDE PAIR (i,j) in list
ELSE
INCLUDE PAIR (i,j) in list
ENDIF
There is another component of the REPLica data structure which is a array
(byatom) of "weights". These weights in general reflect the degree of
replication of the subsystem to which the atom belongs, but may be changed
through SCALar commands (SCALar WEIGht SET..). This array was used in the
developmental version of CHARMM with REPLicas as the interface to the
energy/force routines for correct normalization. In the current standard CHARMM
release, this array exists, but is redundant. Currently it will be filled by a
value of the reciprocal of the number of replicas requested for any subsystem.
It has been retained for some degree of flexibility in future releases. At
present it may be used as an additional array for book-keeping.
Notes on Implementation of REPLica in CHARMM.
This node is of primary directed at CHARMM developers, but may be of
interest to the curious user.
Structurally, the call to REPLica handles all atomic and topological properties
of atoms in the primary atom selection. Properties that are replicated include
group/residue membership, atom-code, IUPAC name, partial charge, parameter type
code, fixed atom flag, X,Y,Z and W for main and comparison and reference
coordinates, the forces DX,DY and DZ, the friction coefficient FBETa, and the
harmonic constraint. Topological entries include bond, angle, dihedral,
improper terms, explicit non-bonded exclusion flags and H-bond donor and
acceptor arrays. Optionally, IC table entries for the primary selection are
replicated.
For interactions, the handling of replicas in CHARMM has been implemented using
a very simple data structure which allows for a simple and efficient interface
to the central CHARMM routines. Essentially, subsystem and replica identities
are maintained through the use of linked lists. On the first call to REPLica,
the primary system (the existing PSF) is initialized to be subsystem 1 (repID),
consisting of 1 replica. Each call to REPLica, establishes a new subsystem,
and each replica requested is distinguished by a separate replica number. The
replica number is maintained at both the group (repNoG) and atom (repNoA) level
for efficiency in the non-bonded list generation routines.
In the following schematic we see the state of the data structure in which
there is a primary system consisting of 4 atoms. The threefold replication of
atoms 2 and 3 (which form a distinct group in the primary system) is shown. The
replication forms a new subsystem (repID). Each replicated group gets a
distinct flag representing the individual replica, as do the replicated atoms.
These flags index into the repID array which contains the subsystem membership
flags. In this way the subsystem/replica membership is easily established
through knowledge of the group or atom number.
Atom Name repID repNoG repNoA Comments
1 N 1 1 1 | Primary subsystem
2 CA 1 |
3 C 1 |
4 O 1 |
5 CA 2 2 2 & Replicated substem (NREP=3)
6 C 2 &
7 CA 3 3 &
8 C 3 &
9 CA 4 4 &
10 C 4 &
An schematic of the replica exclusion code in the non-bond list generation
is now given for an atom pair i and j.
IF ( ( repNoA(i) .NE. repNoA(j) ) .AND.
( repID(repNoA(i)).EQ.repID(repNoA(j)) ) ) THEN
EXCLUDE PAIR (i,j) in list
ELSE
INCLUDE PAIR (i,j) in list
ENDIF
There is another component of the REPLica data structure which is a array
(byatom) of "weights". These weights in general reflect the degree of
replication of the subsystem to which the atom belongs, but may be changed
through SCALar commands (SCALar WEIGht SET..). This array was used in the
developmental version of CHARMM with REPLicas as the interface to the
energy/force routines for correct normalization. In the current standard CHARMM
release, this array exists, but is redundant. Currently it will be filled by a
value of the reciprocal of the number of replicas requested for any subsystem.
It has been retained for some degree of flexibility in future releases. At
present it may be used as an additional array for book-keeping.
Top
The only absolute requirement for this command is that a PSF of the molecular
system be present prior to the call to REPLIca.
All non-bonded list generation options are currently supported, however
IMAGES and EXTENDED electrostatics are currently not supported.
Please note that the replica group flags follow the group membership of the
primary atom selection, therefore take care not to split groups in a selection
if group-based energy evaluations are to be subsequently used.
Run-time attributes of the system such as SHAKE constraints, BLOCK membership
and SBOUND flags will not be replicated. (Re)Issue such commands after
replication has been performed.
It must be noted that currently the replica handling mechanisms of CHARMM are
generated through the run-time use of the REPLica command. i.e. the REPLica
data structure is not currently incorporated in the standard system PSF or able
to be saved to an external file for restoring its state. The philosophy is
that all necessary attributes of the replicas are contained in the primary
system PSF and that it is therefore only necessary to keep that explicitly. Of
course, the coordinates of the individual replicas must be saved.
The only absolute requirement for this command is that a PSF of the molecular
system be present prior to the call to REPLIca.
All non-bonded list generation options are currently supported, however
IMAGES and EXTENDED electrostatics are currently not supported.
Please note that the replica group flags follow the group membership of the
primary atom selection, therefore take care not to split groups in a selection
if group-based energy evaluations are to be subsequently used.
Run-time attributes of the system such as SHAKE constraints, BLOCK membership
and SBOUND flags will not be replicated. (Re)Issue such commands after
replication has been performed.
It must be noted that currently the replica handling mechanisms of CHARMM are
generated through the run-time use of the REPLica command. i.e. the REPLica
data structure is not currently incorporated in the standard system PSF or able
to be saved to an external file for restoring its state. The philosophy is
that all necessary attributes of the replicas are contained in the primary
system PSF and that it is therefore only necessary to keep that explicitly. Of
course, the coordinates of the individual replicas must be saved.
Top
Supplementary examples.
Replication of PHE 22 and 33 and TYR 35 of BPTI
These examples illustrate two ways of setting up replicated subsystems.
In both cases replicas of the sidechains are created from CG outwards.
In the first example three calls to REPLica are made, one for each sidechain,
which create 5 replicas for each subsystem.
In the second example, one call to REPLica is made, which replicates
all three of the sidechains, to create one replicated subsystem containing
five 5 replicas of the triad.
In each case an appropriate interaction matrix for the subsystems is
created with the use of the BLOCK command.
Example 1:
3 replicated subsystems: 5 copies of each individual sidechain in each.
REPLicate A NREPlica 5 SETUP -
SELEct (SEGId 4PTI .AND. RESId 22) .AND. .NOT. -
(type N .or. type CA .or. type C .or. -
type O .or. type HN .or. type HA .or. type CB) END
REPLicate B NREPlica 5 SETUP -
SELEct (SEGId 4PTI .AND. RESId 33) .AND. .NOT. -
(type N .or. type CA .or. type C .or. -
type O .or. type HN .or. type HA .or. type CB) END
REPLicate C NREPlica 5 SETUP -
SELEct (SEGId 4PTI .AND. RESId 35) .AND. .NOT. -
(type N .or. type CA .or. type C .or. -
type O .or. type HN .or. type HA .or. type CB) END
! DELETE the necessary regions of the primary sub-system
DELEte ATOM -
SELEct (SEGId 4PTI .AND. (RESI 22 .OR. RESI 33 .OR. RESI 35)) .AND. -
.NOT. (type N .or. type CA .or. type C .or. -
type O .or. type HN .or. type HA .or. type CB) END
DEFIne phe22 SELEct SEGId A* END
DEFIne phe33 SELEct SEGId B* END
DEFIne tyr35 SELEct SEGId C* END
! set up the correct energy/force scaling.
! the default coefficient is one.
BLOCK 4
CALL 2 SELEct phe22 END ! assign replicated subsystems to blocks
CALL 3 SELEct phe33 END
CALL 4 SELEct tyr35 END
COEF 2 1 0.2 ! primary <-> replicated subsystems
COEF 3 1 0.2
COEF 4 1 0.2
COEF 2 2 0.2 ! replicated subsystem self-terms
COEF 3 3 0.2
COEF 4 4 0.2
COEF 3 2 0.04 ! replicated <-> replicated subsystems
COEF 4 2 0.04
COEF 4 3 0.04
END
Example 2:
1 replicated subsystem: 5 replicas consisting of the 3 different sidechains
REPLicate A NREPlica 5 SETUP -
SELEct (SEGId 4PTI .AND. (RESId 22 .OR. RESID 33 .OR. RESID 35) ) -
.AND. .NOT. (type N .or. type CA .or. type C .or. -
type O .or. type HN .or. type HA .or. type CB) END
! DELETE the necessary regions of the primary sub-system
DELEte ATOM -
SELEct (SEGId 4PTI .AND. (RESI 22 .OR. RESI 33 .OR. RESI 35)) .AND. -
.NOT. (type N .or. type CA .or. type C .or. -
type O .or. type HN .or. type HA .or. type CB) END
! set up the correct energy/force scaling.
BLOCK 2
CALL 2 SELEct SEGId A* END
COEF 1 2 0.2
COEF 2 2 0.2
END
Supplementary examples.
Replication of PHE 22 and 33 and TYR 35 of BPTI
These examples illustrate two ways of setting up replicated subsystems.
In both cases replicas of the sidechains are created from CG outwards.
In the first example three calls to REPLica are made, one for each sidechain,
which create 5 replicas for each subsystem.
In the second example, one call to REPLica is made, which replicates
all three of the sidechains, to create one replicated subsystem containing
five 5 replicas of the triad.
In each case an appropriate interaction matrix for the subsystems is
created with the use of the BLOCK command.
Example 1:
3 replicated subsystems: 5 copies of each individual sidechain in each.
REPLicate A NREPlica 5 SETUP -
SELEct (SEGId 4PTI .AND. RESId 22) .AND. .NOT. -
(type N .or. type CA .or. type C .or. -
type O .or. type HN .or. type HA .or. type CB) END
REPLicate B NREPlica 5 SETUP -
SELEct (SEGId 4PTI .AND. RESId 33) .AND. .NOT. -
(type N .or. type CA .or. type C .or. -
type O .or. type HN .or. type HA .or. type CB) END
REPLicate C NREPlica 5 SETUP -
SELEct (SEGId 4PTI .AND. RESId 35) .AND. .NOT. -
(type N .or. type CA .or. type C .or. -
type O .or. type HN .or. type HA .or. type CB) END
! DELETE the necessary regions of the primary sub-system
DELEte ATOM -
SELEct (SEGId 4PTI .AND. (RESI 22 .OR. RESI 33 .OR. RESI 35)) .AND. -
.NOT. (type N .or. type CA .or. type C .or. -
type O .or. type HN .or. type HA .or. type CB) END
DEFIne phe22 SELEct SEGId A* END
DEFIne phe33 SELEct SEGId B* END
DEFIne tyr35 SELEct SEGId C* END
! set up the correct energy/force scaling.
! the default coefficient is one.
BLOCK 4
CALL 2 SELEct phe22 END ! assign replicated subsystems to blocks
CALL 3 SELEct phe33 END
CALL 4 SELEct tyr35 END
COEF 2 1 0.2 ! primary <-> replicated subsystems
COEF 3 1 0.2
COEF 4 1 0.2
COEF 2 2 0.2 ! replicated subsystem self-terms
COEF 3 3 0.2
COEF 4 4 0.2
COEF 3 2 0.04 ! replicated <-> replicated subsystems
COEF 4 2 0.04
COEF 4 3 0.04
END
Example 2:
1 replicated subsystem: 5 replicas consisting of the 3 different sidechains
REPLicate A NREPlica 5 SETUP -
SELEct (SEGId 4PTI .AND. (RESId 22 .OR. RESID 33 .OR. RESID 35) ) -
.AND. .NOT. (type N .or. type CA .or. type C .or. -
type O .or. type HN .or. type HA .or. type CB) END
! DELETE the necessary regions of the primary sub-system
DELEte ATOM -
SELEct (SEGId 4PTI .AND. (RESI 22 .OR. RESI 33 .OR. RESI 35)) .AND. -
.NOT. (type N .or. type CA .or. type C .or. -
type O .or. type HN .or. type HA .or. type CB) END
! set up the correct energy/force scaling.
BLOCK 2
CALL 2 SELEct SEGId A* END
COEF 1 2 0.2
COEF 2 2 0.2
END
Top
Replica Path Method
The replica/path method allows the positions between sequential
replicas to be restrained. This allows minimization and simulated
annealing methods to be used to search for transition states.
B. Brooks, NIH, March 1994
This code currently requires exactly one replicated subsystem with at
least three replicas.
The nudged elastic band (NEB) method [H. Jonsson, G. Mills, and
K.W. Jacobsen, "Nudged Elastic Band Method for Finding Minimum Energy
Paths of Transitions", in "Classical and Quantum Dynamics in Condensed
Phase Simulations", World Scientific, 1998] is implemented as part of
the replica path method. The energy function in this method does not
correspond to the forces (does not pass TEST FIRST) because of the
projections involved. Only simple minimization/quenching schemes can
be used for the path optimization.
P. Maragakis, Harvard, June 2002
The nudged elastic band (NEB) method [H. Jonsson, G. Mills, and
K.W. Jacobsen, "Nudged Elastic Band Method for Finding Minimum Energy
Paths of Transitions", in "Classical and Quantum Dynamics in Condensed
Phase Simulations", World Scientific, 1998] is implemented within the
framework of the replica path method. ABNR and SD can be used with this
method. Ecount is used to calculate the energy of each replica in the path.
Note that this NEB method uses the keyword NEBF, it is different from NEBA.
See Chu, Trout, and Brooks, JCP Vol 119, pp. 12708-12717,2003 for more details
Note that GRMS will not be zero even when NEB minimization is converged.
Instead, the OFF-path and along path gradient should be close to zero.
The print of OFF-path and path gradient can be turned on by the "DEBU"
keyword of abnr.
Jhih-Wei Chu, MIT, 2003
Syntax:
RPATh OFF ! clear the replica/path energy restraint
RPATh [ KRMS real ] [ KANGle real ] [ COSMax real ] [MASS] [WEIGht]
[ KMAX real RMAX real ] [ EVWIdth real ] [CYCLic]
[ ROTAte ] [ TRANslate ]
[ NOROtate ] [ NOTRanslate ]
[ NEBA ] [ KNEB real ]
[ NEBF ] [ ETAN ] [ CIMG ] [ PPMF ] [ ANAL ]
MASS - Use mass weighting in rms determination.
WEIGht - Use the main weighting array for weighting the rms vector.
KRMS - The rms deviation force constant (Kcal/mol/A**2)
KANGle - The COS(angle) deviation force constant (Kcal/mol)
COSMax - The value of COS(theta) below which the vectors are restrained.
RMAX - The maximum rms deviation per replica step
KMAX - The force constant for exceeding the maximum step (Kcal/mol/A**2)
EVWIdth- Width of switching region in the rms bestfit rotation (FROTU)
(Angstrom**2) which is used when degenerate eigenvalues occur.
Current recommended value: 0.001, default: 0.0)
ROTAte - Do a best fit rotation for every replica step
NOROt - Don't "
TRANsl - Do a best fit translation for every replica step
NOTRans- Don't "
NEBA - Use the nudged elastic band approach
KNEB - The nudged elastic band spring constant
NEBF - Use the nudged elastic band (can work with ABNR. use KRMS
instead of KNEB.)
ETAN - Jonsson's energy based tangent estimation,
JCP, 113, 9978-9985, 2000
CIMG - Jonsson's climbing image for transition state refinement,
JCP, 113, 9901, 2000
PPMF - Print the force along the tangent direction of tha path of each
replica at each energy call.
ANAL - Print statistics of NEB calculations after some minimization
or MD steps.
Replica/Path energy functions:
Erms = sum { 0.5* Krms * ( rms - <rms> )**2 } I=1,NREP-1
I I
where rms is the weighted rms deviation between replica I and I+1
I
Erms = sum { 0.5* Kmaxrms * ( rms - Rmaxrms )**2 } I=1,NREP-1
I I
Eang = sum { 0.5* Kang * ( cosmax - cos(theta) )**2 } (cos(theta)<cosmax)
I
= 0.0 when cos(theta) >= cosmax I=1,NREP-2
where cos(theta) is determined from the dotproduct of weighted deviation
vectors between replicas I and I+1 and between I+1 and I+2.
By default, this restraint uses absolute positions. This is only appropriate
if a subset of the atoms is replicated. The ROTAtions and TRANslations options
should be used if the replicated atoms have significant freedom to move.
An example of use:
! { read sequence and generate segment }
READ SEQU COOR UNIT 11
GENErate PROT
! { define atom region in which to search for transition state }
DEFINE active sele segid prot .and. resid 15 : 19 end
! { replicate the selected residues 20 times }
REPLIcate A NREPlica 20 SELEct ( active ) END
! { redefine is necessary }
DEFINE active sele segid prot .and. resid 15 : 19 end
! { read product coordinates }
OPEN read card unit 12 name products.crd
READ coor card unit 12 COMP
! { read reactant coordinates }
OPEN read card unit 12 name reactants.crd
READ coor card unit 12
COOR orient rms mass sele .not. ( active .or segid A* ) end
! { setup initial guess coordinates for all intermediates }
set 1 1
set a 0.0
label loop
coor duplicate sele active end sele segid A@1 end
coor duplicate sele active end sele segid A@1 end comp
coor average fact @a sele segid A@1 end
incr a by 0.05
incr 1 by 1
if @1 .lt. 20.5 goto loop
DELEte ATOM SELEct active END
DEFIne replicas SELEct SEGId A* END
! { average the non active reactant and product atoms }
COOR average sele .not. replicas end
COOR copy comp
! { set up an appropriate interaction matrix }
BLOCK 2
CALL 2 SELEct replicas END
COEF 1 1 1.0
COEF 2 2 0.05
COEF 2 1 0.05
END
! { specify residue 17 as more inportant in the weighting }
SCALAR wmain set 1.0
SCALAR wmain set 4.0 sele replicas .and. resid 17 end
! invoke the path code
RPATH KRMS 100.0 KANGle 100.0 COSMax 0.5 MASS WEIGHT ROTAtion TRANSlations
! { fix the endpoints }
cons fix sele segid a1 .or. segid a20 end
minimize abnr nstep 100
! {.... perhaps simulated annealing using MD ...}
! { plot energy as a function of the path }
open write card unit 20 name energy.dat
set 1 1
label eloop
BLOCK 2
CALL 1 sele all end
CALL 2 sele replicas .and. .not. segid A@1 end
COEF 1 1 1.0
COEF 2 1 0.0
COEF 2 2 0.0
END
ENERGY
write title unit 20
* @1 ?energy
incr 1 by 1
if @1 .lt. 20.5 goto loop
.... more analysis ...
STOP
Replica Path Method
The replica/path method allows the positions between sequential
replicas to be restrained. This allows minimization and simulated
annealing methods to be used to search for transition states.
B. Brooks, NIH, March 1994
This code currently requires exactly one replicated subsystem with at
least three replicas.
The nudged elastic band (NEB) method [H. Jonsson, G. Mills, and
K.W. Jacobsen, "Nudged Elastic Band Method for Finding Minimum Energy
Paths of Transitions", in "Classical and Quantum Dynamics in Condensed
Phase Simulations", World Scientific, 1998] is implemented as part of
the replica path method. The energy function in this method does not
correspond to the forces (does not pass TEST FIRST) because of the
projections involved. Only simple minimization/quenching schemes can
be used for the path optimization.
P. Maragakis, Harvard, June 2002
The nudged elastic band (NEB) method [H. Jonsson, G. Mills, and
K.W. Jacobsen, "Nudged Elastic Band Method for Finding Minimum Energy
Paths of Transitions", in "Classical and Quantum Dynamics in Condensed
Phase Simulations", World Scientific, 1998] is implemented within the
framework of the replica path method. ABNR and SD can be used with this
method. Ecount is used to calculate the energy of each replica in the path.
Note that this NEB method uses the keyword NEBF, it is different from NEBA.
See Chu, Trout, and Brooks, JCP Vol 119, pp. 12708-12717,2003 for more details
Note that GRMS will not be zero even when NEB minimization is converged.
Instead, the OFF-path and along path gradient should be close to zero.
The print of OFF-path and path gradient can be turned on by the "DEBU"
keyword of abnr.
Jhih-Wei Chu, MIT, 2003
Syntax:
RPATh OFF ! clear the replica/path energy restraint
RPATh [ KRMS real ] [ KANGle real ] [ COSMax real ] [MASS] [WEIGht]
[ KMAX real RMAX real ] [ EVWIdth real ] [CYCLic]
[ ROTAte ] [ TRANslate ]
[ NOROtate ] [ NOTRanslate ]
[ NEBA ] [ KNEB real ]
[ NEBF ] [ ETAN ] [ CIMG ] [ PPMF ] [ ANAL ]
MASS - Use mass weighting in rms determination.
WEIGht - Use the main weighting array for weighting the rms vector.
KRMS - The rms deviation force constant (Kcal/mol/A**2)
KANGle - The COS(angle) deviation force constant (Kcal/mol)
COSMax - The value of COS(theta) below which the vectors are restrained.
RMAX - The maximum rms deviation per replica step
KMAX - The force constant for exceeding the maximum step (Kcal/mol/A**2)
EVWIdth- Width of switching region in the rms bestfit rotation (FROTU)
(Angstrom**2) which is used when degenerate eigenvalues occur.
Current recommended value: 0.001, default: 0.0)
ROTAte - Do a best fit rotation for every replica step
NOROt - Don't "
TRANsl - Do a best fit translation for every replica step
NOTRans- Don't "
NEBA - Use the nudged elastic band approach
KNEB - The nudged elastic band spring constant
NEBF - Use the nudged elastic band (can work with ABNR. use KRMS
instead of KNEB.)
ETAN - Jonsson's energy based tangent estimation,
JCP, 113, 9978-9985, 2000
CIMG - Jonsson's climbing image for transition state refinement,
JCP, 113, 9901, 2000
PPMF - Print the force along the tangent direction of tha path of each
replica at each energy call.
ANAL - Print statistics of NEB calculations after some minimization
or MD steps.
Replica/Path energy functions:
Erms = sum { 0.5* Krms * ( rms - <rms> )**2 } I=1,NREP-1
I I
where rms is the weighted rms deviation between replica I and I+1
I
Erms = sum { 0.5* Kmaxrms * ( rms - Rmaxrms )**2 } I=1,NREP-1
I I
Eang = sum { 0.5* Kang * ( cosmax - cos(theta) )**2 } (cos(theta)<cosmax)
I
= 0.0 when cos(theta) >= cosmax I=1,NREP-2
where cos(theta) is determined from the dotproduct of weighted deviation
vectors between replicas I and I+1 and between I+1 and I+2.
By default, this restraint uses absolute positions. This is only appropriate
if a subset of the atoms is replicated. The ROTAtions and TRANslations options
should be used if the replicated atoms have significant freedom to move.
An example of use:
! { read sequence and generate segment }
READ SEQU COOR UNIT 11
GENErate PROT
! { define atom region in which to search for transition state }
DEFINE active sele segid prot .and. resid 15 : 19 end
! { replicate the selected residues 20 times }
REPLIcate A NREPlica 20 SELEct ( active ) END
! { redefine is necessary }
DEFINE active sele segid prot .and. resid 15 : 19 end
! { read product coordinates }
OPEN read card unit 12 name products.crd
READ coor card unit 12 COMP
! { read reactant coordinates }
OPEN read card unit 12 name reactants.crd
READ coor card unit 12
COOR orient rms mass sele .not. ( active .or segid A* ) end
! { setup initial guess coordinates for all intermediates }
set 1 1
set a 0.0
label loop
coor duplicate sele active end sele segid A@1 end
coor duplicate sele active end sele segid A@1 end comp
coor average fact @a sele segid A@1 end
incr a by 0.05
incr 1 by 1
if @1 .lt. 20.5 goto loop
DELEte ATOM SELEct active END
DEFIne replicas SELEct SEGId A* END
! { average the non active reactant and product atoms }
COOR average sele .not. replicas end
COOR copy comp
! { set up an appropriate interaction matrix }
BLOCK 2
CALL 2 SELEct replicas END
COEF 1 1 1.0
COEF 2 2 0.05
COEF 2 1 0.05
END
! { specify residue 17 as more inportant in the weighting }
SCALAR wmain set 1.0
SCALAR wmain set 4.0 sele replicas .and. resid 17 end
! invoke the path code
RPATH KRMS 100.0 KANGle 100.0 COSMax 0.5 MASS WEIGHT ROTAtion TRANSlations
! { fix the endpoints }
cons fix sele segid a1 .or. segid a20 end
minimize abnr nstep 100
! {.... perhaps simulated annealing using MD ...}
! { plot energy as a function of the path }
open write card unit 20 name energy.dat
set 1 1
label eloop
BLOCK 2
CALL 1 sele all end
CALL 2 sele replicas .and. .not. segid A@1 end
COEF 1 1 1.0
COEF 2 1 0.0
COEF 2 2 0.0
END
ENERGY
write title unit 20
* @1 ?energy
incr 1 by 1
if @1 .lt. 20.5 goto loop
.... more analysis ...
STOP
Top
Off-Path Optimzation / Simulation (Extension to the Replica Path Method)
The off-path simulation technique allows users to compute the Potential of
Mean Force (PMF) of a particular reaction. This is accomplished by restraining
simulations to run in orthogonal planes of a pre-computed replica/path. Using
distributed computing these simulations can be run in parallel thus increasing
the sampling abilty of simulations.
Syntax:
RPATh [KRMS real] [ KMAX real] [RMAX real] [OPTImize] [ANALysis] [CURVCorr]
[Additional RPATh keywords]
KRMS - The RMS deviation force constant (Kcal/mol/A**2)
KMAX - This force constant is applied if the simulation path moves too
far away from the reference path.
RMAX - The max RMS distance the simulation path is allowed to move away
from the reference path.
OPTImize - Turn on the off-path procedure
ANALysis - Do the analysis of the off-path procedure (This must be called
after the minimization/simulation is performed)
CURVCorr - Apply a curvature correction during the off-path procedure
Example:
--------
RPATh KRMS 5000.0 KMAX 2000.0 RMAX 0.10 ROTA TRANS WEIGHT CYCLIC OPTIMIZE
Path definition:
----------------
_j_
/ \ (Simulation Path)
/ j \
/ / \ \
/ / \ \
i i k k
(Ref. Path)
Off-Path Details:
-----------------
Rij = RMSd(j(sim) --> i(ref))
Rjk = RMSd(j(sim) --> k(ref))
Rjj = RMSd(j(sim) --> j(ref))
Erms = Sum { 0.5 * Krms * (Rij - Rjk)**2 }
- This is applied to keep Rij = Rjk
- This is added to the EPATHR term
Ermax = Sum { 0.5 * Kmax * (Rjj - Rmax)**2 }
- Is applied if Rjj > Rmax
- This is added to the EPATHA term
Using this procedure allows an approximate PMF to be computed via determination
of the work needed to move from plane to plane during the simulation.
CURVCorr:
---------
The curvature correction acts as an additional restraint to prevent the
simulation path from wondering into nearby deep wells and skewing the PMF
downward. This is accomplished by scaling the force projection by the ratio of
the forward and backward distance with respect to Rij and Rjk. To use this add
the keyword CURVCorr to the RPATh command.
ANALysis:
---------
After performing an off-path optimization / simulation you can then run the
command...
RPATh ANALysis
This will print out the PMF obtained from the simulation. Two columns will be
printed: WORKTOT and ETOT. This is the work (ETOT) it takes to move from
simulation plane to simulation plane as you move through the pathway. The work
it takes to go half way from point to plane is also printed (WORKTOT). Given
long enough simulations are run, these are good approximations to the pathway
PMF.
Off-Path Optimzation / Simulation (Extension to the Replica Path Method)
The off-path simulation technique allows users to compute the Potential of
Mean Force (PMF) of a particular reaction. This is accomplished by restraining
simulations to run in orthogonal planes of a pre-computed replica/path. Using
distributed computing these simulations can be run in parallel thus increasing
the sampling abilty of simulations.
Syntax:
RPATh [KRMS real] [ KMAX real] [RMAX real] [OPTImize] [ANALysis] [CURVCorr]
[Additional RPATh keywords]
KRMS - The RMS deviation force constant (Kcal/mol/A**2)
KMAX - This force constant is applied if the simulation path moves too
far away from the reference path.
RMAX - The max RMS distance the simulation path is allowed to move away
from the reference path.
OPTImize - Turn on the off-path procedure
ANALysis - Do the analysis of the off-path procedure (This must be called
after the minimization/simulation is performed)
CURVCorr - Apply a curvature correction during the off-path procedure
Example:
--------
RPATh KRMS 5000.0 KMAX 2000.0 RMAX 0.10 ROTA TRANS WEIGHT CYCLIC OPTIMIZE
Path definition:
----------------
_j_
/ \ (Simulation Path)
/ j \
/ / \ \
/ / \ \
i i k k
(Ref. Path)
Off-Path Details:
-----------------
Rij = RMSd(j(sim) --> i(ref))
Rjk = RMSd(j(sim) --> k(ref))
Rjj = RMSd(j(sim) --> j(ref))
Erms = Sum { 0.5 * Krms * (Rij - Rjk)**2 }
- This is applied to keep Rij = Rjk
- This is added to the EPATHR term
Ermax = Sum { 0.5 * Kmax * (Rjj - Rmax)**2 }
- Is applied if Rjj > Rmax
- This is added to the EPATHA term
Using this procedure allows an approximate PMF to be computed via determination
of the work needed to move from plane to plane during the simulation.
CURVCorr:
---------
The curvature correction acts as an additional restraint to prevent the
simulation path from wondering into nearby deep wells and skewing the PMF
downward. This is accomplished by scaling the force projection by the ratio of
the forward and backward distance with respect to Rij and Rjk. To use this add
the keyword CURVCorr to the RPATh command.
ANALysis:
---------
After performing an off-path optimization / simulation you can then run the
command...
RPATh ANALysis
This will print out the PMF obtained from the simulation. Two columns will be
printed: WORKTOT and ETOT. This is the work (ETOT) it takes to move from
simulation plane to simulation plane as you move through the pathway. The work
it takes to go half way from point to plane is also printed (WORKTOT). Given
long enough simulations are run, these are good approximations to the pathway
PMF.
Top
Kinetic Energy Potential
The curvatures along a path may be controlled by adding kinetic energy
potentials. If only kinetic energy potentials are used, a straight line gives
the optimal answer. Minimizing the sum of kinetic energy potentials and
potential energies gives minimium Hamiltonian path. Adding potential energy
significantly enhances the convergence speed of path optimization on rugged
potential energy surface. The force constants of kinetic energy potentials
can be tunned to give negligible effects on reaction barriers but maintaining
efficiency. The weighting of each atom is inherited from the setups of rpath.
For each segment of replica, the kinetic energy potential is:
half * kpki * sum { wi * (ri_I+1 - ri_I)**2) }.
Determined by the length of segment, a time step associated with kinetic energy
potential can be obtained to computed temperature.
Syntax:
RPATh [ PKIN ] [ KPKI real ] [ ISOK ] [PTEM TEMP REAL ] [ WETH ] -
[ PKNU ] -
[Additional RPATh keywords]
PKIN - Actives the use of kinetic energy potential
KPKI - The force constant of kinetic energy potentials
The unit is (kcal/mole/A**2) if the unit of weighting
array is ignored.
ISOK - Maintaining constant kinetic energy (isokinetic) during
optimization. force constants are adjusted according to segment
length.
PTEM - Maintaining constant kinetic energy (isokinetic) based on
a specied value of temperature.
WETH - Using work-energy theorem to adjust the force constants of
kinetic energy potential. Force constants are changed to
compensate the changes in potential energy to maintain total
energy.
PKNU - The component of the gradient of kinetic energy potential along
the direction of potential energy gradient that is perpendicular
to the path is projected for minimial purturbation for the
optimization perpendicular to the path
EXAMPLE:
Add kinetic energy potential to path energy.
RPATH KRMS 100.0 MASS PKIN KPKI 1.0
Maintain constant kinetic energy energy.
RPATH KRMS 100.0 MASS PKIN KPKI 1.0 ISOK
Maintain constant kinetic energy energy with a temperature of 300.0
RPATH KRMS 100.0 MASS PKIN KPKI 1.0 ISOK PTEM TEMP 300.0
Kinetic Energy Potential
The curvatures along a path may be controlled by adding kinetic energy
potentials. If only kinetic energy potentials are used, a straight line gives
the optimal answer. Minimizing the sum of kinetic energy potentials and
potential energies gives minimium Hamiltonian path. Adding potential energy
significantly enhances the convergence speed of path optimization on rugged
potential energy surface. The force constants of kinetic energy potentials
can be tunned to give negligible effects on reaction barriers but maintaining
efficiency. The weighting of each atom is inherited from the setups of rpath.
For each segment of replica, the kinetic energy potential is:
half * kpki * sum { wi * (ri_I+1 - ri_I)**2) }.
Determined by the length of segment, a time step associated with kinetic energy
potential can be obtained to computed temperature.
Syntax:
RPATh [ PKIN ] [ KPKI real ] [ ISOK ] [PTEM TEMP REAL ] [ WETH ] -
[ PKNU ] -
[Additional RPATh keywords]
PKIN - Actives the use of kinetic energy potential
KPKI - The force constant of kinetic energy potentials
The unit is (kcal/mole/A**2) if the unit of weighting
array is ignored.
ISOK - Maintaining constant kinetic energy (isokinetic) during
optimization. force constants are adjusted according to segment
length.
PTEM - Maintaining constant kinetic energy (isokinetic) based on
a specied value of temperature.
WETH - Using work-energy theorem to adjust the force constants of
kinetic energy potential. Force constants are changed to
compensate the changes in potential energy to maintain total
energy.
PKNU - The component of the gradient of kinetic energy potential along
the direction of potential energy gradient that is perpendicular
to the path is projected for minimial purturbation for the
optimization perpendicular to the path
EXAMPLE:
Add kinetic energy potential to path energy.
RPATH KRMS 100.0 MASS PKIN KPKI 1.0
Maintain constant kinetic energy energy.
RPATH KRMS 100.0 MASS PKIN KPKI 1.0 ISOK
Maintain constant kinetic energy energy with a temperature of 300.0
RPATH KRMS 100.0 MASS PKIN KPKI 1.0 ISOK PTEM TEMP 300.0
Top
Discretized Feynman Path Integral Method
The REPLica command can be used together with the PINT command to compute
averaged observables of a quantum system. This computation approach
exploit the isomorphism between the discretized form of Feynmann path integrals
representation of the density matrix with an effective classical system
obeying Boltzmann statistics of a canonical ensemble at temperature T
(see D. Chandler and P.G. Wolynes, J. Chem. Phys. 74 (1981) 4078).
Molecular dynamics simulations of the effective classical system
are valid for obtaining ensemble averages, although they do not provide
information on the time-dependent quantum dynamics of the system.
Roughly speaking, the quantum delocalisation of each atom of the system
is represented in terms of a ring polymer or necklace of beads. These beads
are treated as classical particles. A discretization of the path integral
with 20 to 30 fictitious particles is usually adequate in studies of
proton transfer, although for a protein one might want to use a much smaller
number of beads. For proper use, read carefully this documentation until the
end as well as the accompagnying stream file.
B. Roux & M. Souaille, Montreal, June 1997
Following the path integral approach, each nucleus is replaced in the
effective classical system by a ring polymer, or necklace, of Nbeads
fictitious particles with a harmonic spring between nearest neighbors
along the ring. For the sake of simplicity, in the current implementation
in CHARMM, each atom is represented by the the same number of beads.
The creation of the beads is achieved by the command REPLICA (see example
below). The collection of beads of a given atom has the structure of a
necklace: each bead interacts with two neighbours and the last bead interacts
with the first. The energy of the ring polymers is a sum of harmonic terms
between consecutive beads along a necklace:
spring energy = -((Kb*T*P/(2*LAMBDA**2))*|r-r'|**2
where r and r' are the position vectors of the two beads and LAMBDA is
the thermal wavelength of the quantum particule (of mass M) represented by
the necklace, LAMBDA=HBAR**2/(M*Kb*T). These interactions are added in the
The interaction between two quantum atoms A and B is represented as follows:
the necklace of A interacts with the necklace of B in a ONE TO ONE
correspondence: each bead of A interacts with ONE AND ONLY ONE bead of B by
means of the classical CHARMM potential energy function scaled by 1/Nbeads.
There is NO such interaction between the beads belonging to the same necklace.
Moreover, if only a part of the whole system is treated quantum mechanically,
(this MUST be an entire segment) the beads of an atom A of such a subsystem
interacts with all the classical atoms by means of the classical CHARMM
potential energy function scaled by 1/Nbeads. The attribution of the
diffferent interactions as well as their scaling is achieved by the command
BLOCK. The resulting potential energy of the effective classical system is:
U_eff({R}_1, {R}_2,...,{R}_p,...,{R}_Nbeads) =
(Spring energy of ring polymers)
+ U({R}_1)/Nbeads
+ U({R}_2)/Nbeads
+ ...
+ U({R}_p)/Nbeads
+ ...
+ U({R}_Nbeads)/Nbeads
where {R}_p represents all the coordinates of the $p$-th REPLICA and
U({R}_p) represents the full CHARMM energy of the p-th REPLICA.
The configurational sampling of the effective classical system may be performed
using Langevin molecular dynamics. The choice of Langevin dynamics is dictated
by the need to avoid the non-ergodicity of path integral molecular dynamics
simulations based on the microcanonical ensemble. Of course the friction
constant and the masses used in the dynamics are immaterial as far as the
convergence toward a canonical ensemble is concerned but the spring constant
in PINT are calculated from the AMASS array, so those cannot be changed
carelessly.
Alternatively, the configuration space can now be sampled with Monte Carlo.
At present, the allowed path integral moves are displacements of single beads
(RTRN BYATom) or movements of seven sequential beads such that the path
integral spring lengths remain unchanged (CROT PIMC) (» mc ). Use of
Monte Carlo with path integrals requires addition of the keyword MC to the
PINT command.
The following stream file allows to treat the molecule SEGID as a quantum
system with Nbeads.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Stream file for path integral calculations
* Before calling, set the following variables:
* Nbeads number of beads
* SEGID segid of the quantum molecule
* TEMP temperature
! Define replicas and delete original
REPLICA @segid nreplica @nbeads select segid @segid show end setup
delete atom select segid @segid show end
! Set up the correct energy/force scaling
set scale = 1.0
divide scale by @nbeads
BLOCK 2
CALL 2 SELEct ( segid @{segid}* ) show end
COEF 1 2 @scale
COEF 2 2 @scale
END
! Add springs
pint temp @temp beads @nbeads select segid @{segid}1 end -
select none end
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Discretized Feynman Path Integral Method
The REPLica command can be used together with the PINT command to compute
averaged observables of a quantum system. This computation approach
exploit the isomorphism between the discretized form of Feynmann path integrals
representation of the density matrix with an effective classical system
obeying Boltzmann statistics of a canonical ensemble at temperature T
(see D. Chandler and P.G. Wolynes, J. Chem. Phys. 74 (1981) 4078).
Molecular dynamics simulations of the effective classical system
are valid for obtaining ensemble averages, although they do not provide
information on the time-dependent quantum dynamics of the system.
Roughly speaking, the quantum delocalisation of each atom of the system
is represented in terms of a ring polymer or necklace of beads. These beads
are treated as classical particles. A discretization of the path integral
with 20 to 30 fictitious particles is usually adequate in studies of
proton transfer, although for a protein one might want to use a much smaller
number of beads. For proper use, read carefully this documentation until the
end as well as the accompagnying stream file.
B. Roux & M. Souaille, Montreal, June 1997
Following the path integral approach, each nucleus is replaced in the
effective classical system by a ring polymer, or necklace, of Nbeads
fictitious particles with a harmonic spring between nearest neighbors
along the ring. For the sake of simplicity, in the current implementation
in CHARMM, each atom is represented by the the same number of beads.
The creation of the beads is achieved by the command REPLICA (see example
below). The collection of beads of a given atom has the structure of a
necklace: each bead interacts with two neighbours and the last bead interacts
with the first. The energy of the ring polymers is a sum of harmonic terms
between consecutive beads along a necklace:
spring energy = -((Kb*T*P/(2*LAMBDA**2))*|r-r'|**2
where r and r' are the position vectors of the two beads and LAMBDA is
the thermal wavelength of the quantum particule (of mass M) represented by
the necklace, LAMBDA=HBAR**2/(M*Kb*T). These interactions are added in the
The interaction between two quantum atoms A and B is represented as follows:
the necklace of A interacts with the necklace of B in a ONE TO ONE
correspondence: each bead of A interacts with ONE AND ONLY ONE bead of B by
means of the classical CHARMM potential energy function scaled by 1/Nbeads.
There is NO such interaction between the beads belonging to the same necklace.
Moreover, if only a part of the whole system is treated quantum mechanically,
(this MUST be an entire segment) the beads of an atom A of such a subsystem
interacts with all the classical atoms by means of the classical CHARMM
potential energy function scaled by 1/Nbeads. The attribution of the
diffferent interactions as well as their scaling is achieved by the command
BLOCK. The resulting potential energy of the effective classical system is:
U_eff({R}_1, {R}_2,...,{R}_p,...,{R}_Nbeads) =
(Spring energy of ring polymers)
+ U({R}_1)/Nbeads
+ U({R}_2)/Nbeads
+ ...
+ U({R}_p)/Nbeads
+ ...
+ U({R}_Nbeads)/Nbeads
where {R}_p represents all the coordinates of the $p$-th REPLICA and
U({R}_p) represents the full CHARMM energy of the p-th REPLICA.
The configurational sampling of the effective classical system may be performed
using Langevin molecular dynamics. The choice of Langevin dynamics is dictated
by the need to avoid the non-ergodicity of path integral molecular dynamics
simulations based on the microcanonical ensemble. Of course the friction
constant and the masses used in the dynamics are immaterial as far as the
convergence toward a canonical ensemble is concerned but the spring constant
in PINT are calculated from the AMASS array, so those cannot be changed
carelessly.
Alternatively, the configuration space can now be sampled with Monte Carlo.
At present, the allowed path integral moves are displacements of single beads
(RTRN BYATom) or movements of seven sequential beads such that the path
integral spring lengths remain unchanged (CROT PIMC) (» mc ). Use of
Monte Carlo with path integrals requires addition of the keyword MC to the
PINT command.
The following stream file allows to treat the molecule SEGID as a quantum
system with Nbeads.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Stream file for path integral calculations
* Before calling, set the following variables:
* Nbeads number of beads
* SEGID segid of the quantum molecule
* TEMP temperature
! Define replicas and delete original
REPLICA @segid nreplica @nbeads select segid @segid show end setup
delete atom select segid @segid show end
! Set up the correct energy/force scaling
set scale = 1.0
divide scale by @nbeads
BLOCK 2
CALL 2 SELEct ( segid @{segid}* ) show end
COEF 1 2 @scale
COEF 2 2 @scale
END
! Add springs
pint temp @temp beads @nbeads select segid @{segid}1 end -
select none end
------------------------------------------------------------------------------